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Little Bag Silage

Fodder development for Smallholder Dairying

 

Background

In northern Pakistan and in Nepal, where each family keeps only a single dairy cow or buffalo, there is a problem of how to improve the nutrition levels of farmers' milking livestock in order to provide them with the required levels of green feed. During the winter the major fodders available are maize stover and wheat or rice straw, together with poor quality hay made from mature summer hillside pastures at the end of the rains.

Although loans were made to farmers for the purchase of high yielding improved buffaloes from the lowlands, farmers were disappointed that yields fell to those of the unimproved local stock as a result of feeding the same rations as before. As a minimum it was considered essential to provide a green fodder supplement to enhance rumen function for these animals. One course was to develop winter fodder crops, but this still left 3 months without green feed.

Strong plastic shopping bags were available in the lowlands, and it was found that these had a minimum capacity of 5 kg of fresh chopped green fodder sorghum. If these were used for silage, it would mean that one buffalo could be fed one bag of silage a day, providing the minimum of 5 kg green fodder needed as a supplement. This resulted in the concept of "Shopping Bag Silage", or "Little Bag Silage".

 

The Context  

Who?

Targeted at ...

This technique is targeted at smallholder livestock keepers with very few of single animals that require additional feed supplement during winter months when no green feed is available. The technique may also be suited to peri-urban farmers with access to green feed and with small numbers or single animals to feed.

When?

Seasonal activities depending on local circumstances and requirements.

Where?

This technique is particularly suited to areas where summer pastures and crop residues provide an excess of accessible green fodder that can be used as the raw material for silage, and where there is the labour available for processing.
Methods
Obtain the Bags. The original research project obtained strong high density plastic shopping bags with a capacity of 5 kg chopped green fodder and with no obvious holes in the seams. These were purchased in packs of a hundred.
Cut the Fodder. Cut a summer fodder crop such as multi-cut fodder sorghum and carry to the chopping floor. This fodder can then be either hand chopped with a large knife against a wooden chopping block, or chopped through a chaff cutter with a rotating blade.
Pack the Bags. 5 kg of chopped green fodder was carefully packed into one of the shopping bags so as to avoid making any holes in the bag.
Triple Seal the Bags. The bag was gently but firmly squeezed by hand to expel air, and while compressed the neck of the bag was twisted then turned over and tied with twine. It is possible to close bags by tying the two handles in a knot, but this does NOT result in the required air-tight closure. The bag of silage was then inverted into a second empty shopping bag, which was also closed and tied. The bag of silage was then inverted into a third empty shopping bag and sealed. Each bag of silage was therefore triple wrapped, and seams which might be expected to leak air were doubly protected.
Store the Bags The bags were carefully stacked in a room protected against rats, mice and other pests. After a minimum period of one months Little Bag Silage was fed to buffaloes at a rate of one bag per head per day. The outer two plastic bags can be kept for re-use.
 
Read more about these methods
Resources Required

Making LBS is labour intensive, and does need care and attention for success. It has to fit the local livestock and farming systems, and having expenses has to be linked to semi-commercialization of production.

The quality of bags for LBS is important. High rather than low density plastic reduces potential for tearing. The seal must be without holes, and this may relate to factory practice. If holes are present along the seal, sticky tape or tar/mastic may be used to repair seals as the bags are tied. Inner bags do tend to get damaged, but the thicker gauge bags used for the extension trial in Nepal were less damaged to an extent where two rather than three layers of bags may have been sufficient. Initially commercially available shopping bags were used. These happened to be strong enough for the purpose. Some bags are thin and flimsy, as found in China, and these would not be suitable. As in Nepal, discussions with local plastic bag makers will be useful. It happened in Pakistan and Nepal that shopping bags could readily hold 5 kg of chopped green fodder; if larger bags are available, or if handles are omitted, larger quantities could be made per bag. This will reduce the costs of bags per kg silage stored, and reduce losses from damage and surface moulds. However the amount stored per bag should relate to feeding practices, although it is easy to reseal little bags so that feeding of silage from individual bags could readily be spread over 1-2 days even in hot climates

Support Once the technique is understood and used by a reasonable number of farmers in a community, there should be little requirement for formal support mechanisms.
Costs Costs are those of the bags, and the farmers' time.
Benefits

A key feature of Little Bag Silage is that it allows conservation of available fodder in small quantities over a long period of time. This strongly contrasts with traditional silage making techniques where large amounts of fodder must be harvested and chopped at one time. Thus a small-holder family might be able to conserve a couple of bags of LBS a day over a 100 day growing season, which would allow their milking animal to be fed one bag of LBS a day over a 200 day dry season. This fodder might include leafy grass weeds harvested from the crop fields, terraces and bunds, which could readily be partly air-dried under shelter a little at a time before chopping and ensiling. In Nepal, leaves were progressively removed from maize plants as they commenced to senesce, and these would make excellent LBS.

Risks

Fermentation characteristics of little bag silage depend on the fodder being conserved. Fodder with high sugar content, whether from specialized temperate or tropical fodder crops or from temperate leafy pasture, will conserve well. Fodder with low sugar content is more likely to rot than ferment, and this has led to a bad reputation for silage in general in the tropics. Problem fodders include mature C4 pasture grasses harvested in the rains, legumes in general, and possibly tree fodder. Wet grasses must be partially dried before ensiling, under shelter if it is still raining, and legumes should also be wilted.

Alternatives Alternatives include the use of winter fodder crops, but in those areas with hard or longer winters the availability of this source is limited and unlikely to extend to the whole of the winter season.
Impacts Potentially significant impacts for those resource poor farmers with single animals or small numbers of livestock that require supplementary feed during winter months.
Policy Implications Improved nutrition of smallholder livestock, as an intermediate step in the improved nutrition and welfare of young children, should form part of the policy of national, regional and district administrations.
References and Further Reading

Lane, I.R. 1999. Fodder development for smallholder dairying in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Nepal. Tropical Agricultural Association Newsletter, 19 (1): 23-27.

Little Bag Silage
Titterton, M. and Bareeba, F. B. Grass and Legume Silages in the Tropics.